Vocab drills + the actor/object/location focus system
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Tagalog → English
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Reference: "bili" (buy) in all three focuses
Irregular: l-initial roots
The -in- infix normally slots in right after the root's first consonant
(bili → binili). Roots that start with l break that
pattern — infixing would give the wrong form below, so instead
"ni-" prefixes onto the whole root intact.
linuto → niluto
Same pattern: linis → nilinis, lagay → nilagay.
ang marks the topic (what the sentence is "about").
ng marks a non-topic actor or object.
sa marks a non-topic location/direction.
The verb form itself changes to show which role is the topic —
not who's doing it or how many. Forms above are completed aspect
(the action happened) — Tagalog aspect is completed / incomplete / not-yet-started,
not past/present/future tense.